Computer Communications & Networks Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Computer Communications & Networks - Lab Report Example What is a TCP/IP Model? Before discussing the communication in networks from the home computer to the X stream, we have to first discuss the TCP/IP model. As illustrated in the Figure 1.1, we can see the comparison of both OSI model and the TCP/IP model. The TCP/IP model is associated with Application layer, Transport layer, Internet Layer and Data link Layer. Likewise, application layer of the TCP/IP model is associated with protocols such as Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP) etc. The transport Layer is associated with protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP) etc. The Internet layer is associated with Internet Protocol (IP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and lastly, the data link layer that is also called the Network interface layer is associated with Ethernet, token ring etc. for accessing the X stream from a remote location, we will discuss the insights of these five layers of the TCP/IP model. Moreover, Figure 1 also illustrates the resemblance of each layer of TCP/IP to the OSI model. Figure 1 TCP/IP and OSI Model Image retrieved from: (Clarke, n.d) Figure 1.2, demonstrates the functionality of each layer in order to exchange data from the home computer and the X stream server. ... The network access layer than links the transmission to the required segment from the same layer as shown in Figure 1.2 Figure 1.2 Example demonstration via TCP/IP Model Protocol Layering Up till now we have discussed the TCP/IP model, protocols and functions associated with each layer. Protocol layering will demonstrate the functionality of each layer after another along with Protocol Data Units (PDU’s) and packet headers while connecting to the X stream from home computer. Considering the four layers of the TCP/IP model, we will discuss four PDU’s on each layer, as shown in Figure 2, the message initiates from the application layer four of the TCP/IP model. The four PDU’s are 1-PDU, 2-PDU, 3-PDU and 4-PDU. Figure 2 Image retrieved from (James F. Curose & Keith W. Ross, 2000) The layer 4 that is an application layer and considered as a high layer, constructs a message M that is composed of various parameters that needs to be tailored by the application criteria. Likewise, a typical packet may include parameters such as message type and associated data. The packet from the home computer is transmitted in the form of Message M to the third layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack, as shown in Figure 2. Likewise, layer three of the source (Home Computer) breaks the 4-PDU in to two separate parts as M1 and M2. Accordingly, the layer three of the source (Home Computer) integrates with the two separate parts M1 and M2 called as headers that contributes for constructing 3-PDU into two separate parts. Headers are associated with the information that is a requirement for the source and destination on the third layer for enabling services on layer four (James F. Curose & Keith W. Ross, 2000). Likewise, the development

Write a management report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Write a management report - Essay Example The memo therefore proposes that management should consider identifying the cost drivers and monitor its activities to control their costs. In assessing whether to accept special orders, management needs to accurately compute contribution margin by only considering the variable costs. Fixed costs should only help in determining the break-even point for special orders. Performance evaluation should as well focus on factors that are within employees control rather than incorporating non-controllable costs elements to evaluate the employees working in the SMU2 sector. The major concern of the SMU2 department is the use of inappropriate cost allocation model for the MP product where material costs, labour costs and variable costs are allocated to the product based on estimates. The allocation of material and labour costs to the MP product is acceptable since these are direct costs incurred in the product manufacturing. Allocation of factor overheads especially remaining factory costs should however be reviewed. These overheads should not be allocated to MP on a fixed percentage basis since MP special order sales only accounts for 2% of the revenue. Allocating the overheads on a fixed proportion therefore inflates the costs and reduces the contribution margin. In addition, allocation of media and promotion costs for SMU1 and SMU2 further fails to consider the cost drivers of the activities. Marketing costs should not be allocated depending on the weight of the products but the revenue derived from the effectiveness of such advertisement. This was, management will have to identify the increase in sales resulting from the incremental costs on advertisement. Allocation of management costs to the various products and departments has also failed to take into account the volume allocation and the level of activities performed by such shared staff on the various products. Activity based costing should be used to monitor the activities of the management to the